Contexto e desenvolvimento cognitivo: freqüência à creche e evolução do desenvolvimento mental / Context and cognitive development: attendance to day care center and evolution of mental development

Este estudo objetivou avaliar efeitos da experiência de creche no desenvolvimento cognitivo de crianças freqüentando creche, em comparação com crianças que permaneciam em casa, todas de um bairro pobre de Salvador e condições sócio econômicas eqüivalentes. Dois grupos de crianças (18 em creche e 19 em casa), juntamente com suas mães, participaram do estudo. As Escalas Bayley ou WPPSI-R (dependendo da idade da criança) foram aplicadas quatro vezes em 26 meses; subsidiariamente, as mães foram entrevistadas para fornecer uma avaliação do desempenho da criança a partir de seu ponto de vista. Os resultados mostraram que o desenvolvimento cognitivo foi afetado pela renda das famílias e, parcialmente, pela escolaridade materna. Freqüentar a creche não produziu resultados significativos em desempenho cognitivo, enquanto a avaliação materna indicou algumas diferenças entre os dois grupos na primeira avaliação, que desapareceram, na maior parte, na última. Os resultados são parcialmente compatíveis com a literatura, e suas implicações são discutidas.

This study aimed to assess effects of the day care center experience on the cognitive development of pre-school children. Two groups of children, 18 from day care centers and 19 who were cared for at their homes were studied, including their mothers, took part in this study. Both groups had equivalent socioeconomic status and lived in a very poor neighborhood. Bayley Scales or WPPSI-R Scale (according to age) were used four times in a 26 month period; as an auxiliary research instrument, the mothers were interviewed for providing a child assessment from their own point of view. The results show that family income and, to some extent, the mother's school level affected cognitive development. Attendance to a day care center did not produce significant differences in cognitive development; maternal assessments suggested some differences between groups in the first evaluation, which disappeared, most of them, in the last one. These results are compatible partially with international literature and their implications are discussed.

Epidemiologia do desenvolvimento cognitivo de escolares em Jequié, Bahia, Brasil: procedimentos de avaliação e resultados gerais / Epidemiology of schoolchildren's cognitive development in Jequié, Bahia State, Brazil: assessment procedures and general results

This paper describes the methodology, applicability and utility of the Raven Progressive Matrix (Raven Test) and the Brazilian Intellectual Probe (TSI), comparing them with school achievement in a typical medium-size urban community of Northeastern Brazil. 388 schoolchildren (7-17 years old) were examined, with 371 Raven tests applied. Only 231 TSIs were completed, since 106 students were illiterate. School grades were obtained for all participants. A questionnaire evaluating school resources, and teacher profiles was answered by 200 teachers. Raven and TSI test scores were highly correlated (r = 0.53, p < 0.001), but both correlated weakly with overall school grade (r = 0.22, p < 0.001 and r = 0.12, p < 0.07 respectively). For individual school grades, the Raven scores showed statistically significant correlation with all subjects, while the Brazilian TSI presented statistically significant correlation only with geography, history and sciences. Boys' mean scores were higher than girls' for both the Raven and the TSI Tests, but for the school grades girls performed better. In general, level of cognitive development was below that expected for children in the age-group analyzed.